EU Studies in Russia Today

Статья подготовлена при поддержке Российского гуманитарного научного фонда – проект №09-03-00513а
«Совершенствование правовой системы Российской Федерации и опыт Европейского Союза,
создание благоприятного политического и информационного имиджа в целях партнерства и сотрудничества».

Research/education centers and other education facilities

After the formation of the newly independent post-Soviet state of the Russian Federation, the EU studies have acquired additional importance in Russia. This development has been strongly connected with the Russian society's long-term cultural and ideological identity as an integral European part. Another factor was the permanent civil optimism about the necessity of strategic partnership between Russia and the EU. That is why the expert community on EU studies has become one of the major political and lobbying driving forces for the pro-European trend in the Russian foreign policy.

In this regard, it is necessary to underline the essential differences between the EU studies in modern Russia and their chronological predecessor, the system of European Economic Community studies in the Soviet Union. Most of the EEC studies in the Soviet Union were strongly based on the communist ideology, and in the bipolar cold war world, they were largely written in the black and white colors, considering the EEC mainly as the NATO's European civilian branch extension. However, it has to be kept in mind that the Soviet-time EEC studies were based on solid empirical research.

This situation began to change during Gorbachev's times. The main ideological vector of the Soviet EEC studies has also changed following Gorbachev's ideas of the ‘Common European Home' first proclaimed during his visit to France in 1985. They were later conceptually elaborated in his book ‘Perestroika and New Thinking for Our Country and the Whole World' (1987), and, to some extent, put into real political practice during the Paris CSCE Summit in 1990. Another novelty –compared with the Soviet-time studies – was the creation of new centers of excellence in EU studies in Russia (somewhere at the beginning of the 1990s). This process was directly connected to practical political decision-making process, while academic research expanded and intensified.

The first of these new centers was the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy (SVOP) organized by Sergey A. Karaganov. This Council became a prominent joint forum for leading experts and practical specialists in the new Russian foreign policy. It has prepared various research reports on EU- Russia relations advancing a pro-European attitudes, which has contributed significantly to the development of the pro-European public opinion within the political decision-making community as well as Russian media.

The Institute of European Law at the Moscow State International Relations University (MGIMO) organized by Prof. Lev M. Entin in the mid-1990s was another of these centers. It was established by a special Decree of the Russian Federation President to promote knowledge of European Law in Russia and to prepare practical recommendations for the harmonization of the Russian legislation and the EU legal norms.

Another more step was the creation of the ECSA-World branch at the Russian Association of European Studies (AES) organized by Yury A. Borko and now headed by Alexey A. Gromyko, which has been effective in creating Russia's interregional network of expertise on the EU affairs.

These organisational efforts aimed at establishing strong ties between experts and practical specialists on the EU politics in Russia resulted in the decision (taken at the EU – Russia Summit in 2005) to establish a joint educational and research center, the European Studies Institute (ESI) at the MGIMO University. Its main objective was to promote a special MA program in EU studies for mid-level civil servants from various Russian Federal Ministries and Agencies. Several hundreds of Russian ministerial employees have already graduated from the ESI. Another task of the ESI was to become a hub for conferences and workshops as well as to establish partnership networks with regional Russian Universities so as to improve and update the curricula and teaching methods of the EU courses in Russian universities. Besides, Sergey E.Prikhodko, the Chairman of the ESI International Governing Board, is a counselor on foreign policy issues at the Russian President's Administration.

Prof. Mark L. Entin is the Director of the ESI*2. The Institute has three departments: the EU Law (chaired by Gennady P. Tolstopyatenko), the EU Economics (chaired by Natalia G. Adamchuk) and the EU Politics and Policies (chaired by Oleg N. Barabanov).

Within the system of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Europe and the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) are the key EU studies and research centers. Many leading experts on EU integration work at the Institute of Europe. They are: V.Zhurkin, N.Shmelev, A.Gromyko, M.Nosov, D.Danilov, O.Potemkina, A.Tevdoy-Burmuli, N.Kaveshnikov and others. The IMEMO's pool of experts on the EU issues comprises V. Baranovsky, N. Arbatova*3, M. Strezhneva, A. Kuznetsov, S. Utkin*4 and P. Sokolova*5.

Another prominent research and education center is the High School of Economics in Moscow's HSE-University and the Faculty of International Economy and World Politics headed by Sergey A. Karaganov, who is one of Russia's leading foreign policy experts. The HSE's research potential in the field of the EU studies is supported by the Center for Comprehensive European and International Studies headed by Timofey V. Bordachev*6, with Dmitry V. Suslov being one of its leading researchers.

The Moscow State University also provides extensive courses on EU affairs, namely the ones offered at the Faculty of Global Politics. Another prominent organization is the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences (ISISS), which provides access to various on-line catalogues and modern literature. The ISISS' main role is to provide means and infrastructure for research, but it also hosts a Russian NATO center, contributing to the research on the European security agenda.

The EU and other European issues are also the subject of studies at the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies (RISS, its Department of Euroatlantic Studies is chaired by Elena S. Khotkova) and the Institute of Contemporary International Studies at the Diplomatic Academy. The Center for the Postindustrial Society Research headed by V. Inosemtsev is also actively involved in the EU studies.

Unfortunately, the “Committee on Russia in the United Europe” headed by Vladimir A. Ryzhkov and Nadezhda K. Arbatova, which was very active at the beginning of the 2000s and published a number of excellent working papers on such diverse issues as Kaliningrad region, the EU-Russia energy dialogue and the EU military capabilities, to name a few, ceased to exist.

The Moscow Carnegie Center (D. Trenin) has published several papers on the EU-Russia relations*7, although it generally focused on “wider” Russia-Western relations and the EU topic hasn't gained prominence in the organization's research portfolio.

The Moscow State Law Academy (MSLA) is another prominent center of EU law studies (S. Kashkin, P. Kalinichenko). The Moscow University of the Russian Ministry of Interior is the main research school on European legal philosophy and the EU political ideology; V. Malakhov and A. Klimenko are representatives of this school.

The Faculty of International Affairs of the Saint-Petersburg State University (K. Hudoley, D. Levi, N. Zaslavskaya, T. Romanova, etc.) is also among the key hubs of expertise. The European University in Saint-Petersburg (M. Belova and M. Nozhenkova) is a notable example, although the university prefers a somewhat wider scope of research, touching upon sociology and gender studies. The European University hosts a Center for German and European Studies, which organizes annual workshops and seminars on the methodology of the EU studies. The Center for Regional and International Policy (CIRP) in Saint-Petersburg offers programs devoted to the Baltic region, EU-Russia relations and cross border cooperation. B. Kuznetsov, E. Klitsunova and L. Karabeshkin are members of this think-tank.

The booming development of regional universities and research centers has been one of the driving forces behind the evolution of the EU studies in modern Russia. Thus, the Faculty of International Relations at the Nizhniy Novgorod State University has become one of the leading centers of EU studies in Russia. The Oleg A. Kolobov, Dean of the Faculty, is Vice-President of the Russian Association of European Studies. The research on EU studies at the Faculty is carried out at the Department of International Communication and Country Studies, chaired by Mikhail I. Rykhtik. The Faculty research mainly focuses on Euro-Atlantic relations in its research.

Two other leading regional research schools on EU studies in Russia are the newly formed Ural Federal University named after Boris Yeltsin in Ekaterinburg and Saratov State University. Valery I. Mikhailenko, a member of the board of the Russian Association of European Studies, heads the Ekaterinburg research school. Among the key research activities of the school is the analysis of individual EU member states' role in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy; it is based on the widely recognized school of Italian studies in Ekaterinburg. The head of the Saratov research school is Yuri G. Goloub, Vice Rector of the University and Head of the Department of International Relations Theory, who is also a member of the Board of the Russian Association of European Studies. The Saratov school focuses on the history of European integration in its research.

The Immanuel Kant Russian State University in Kaliningrad is obviously the leading research center on Kaliningrad issues in the EU-Russia relations. Andrey P. Klemeshev, the Rector of the University is the head of the regional school. He and his team (G. Fyodorov, Yu. Zverev, I. Zhukovsky) have prepared numerous research reports on socio-economic specifics of the Kaliningrad exclave and its transborder cooperation with the EU member states. Another issue of interest for the Kaliningrad school is the EU Law (V. Rusinova and V. Voinikov).

The following educational centers can be mentioned among other dynamically developing regional research centers on EU studies in Russia: the Volgograd State University (I. Kurilla, main interest – Euro-Atlantic studies), the Yaroslav Mudry State University in Veliky Novgorod (V. Grokhotova, A. Gusev – EU Law), the Altay State University (Yu. Chernyshov, A. Betmakaev, O. Arshintseva, L. Monina, S. Nozhkin – the history of European integration and Euroregions), the Tambov State University (V. Yuriev, D. Seltser, V. Romanov – Euro-Atlantic studies and political decision making), the Perm State University (L. Fadeeva – European political science), the Voronezh State University (O. Belenov – the history of European integration), the Smolensk State University (A. Egorov – the history of European integration), the Southern Federal University in Rostov-on-Don (I. Uznarodov), the interinstitutional Center of European Studies in Ryazan (S. Trykanova – EU Law), the Ivanovo State University (D. Polyvyanny – the history of European integration) and many others.

An overview of literature and research spheres

 In Russia there are presently various specialized journals on EU studies, e.g. “Vsya Evropa” (All Europe) (www.alleuropa.ru; www.ru-eu.ru), published by the European Studies Institute at the MGIMO University; “Sovremennaja Evropa” (Modern Europe) published by the Institute of Europe and “Aktualnyi problemy Evropy” (Modern European Issues) published by the ISISS. Other prominent magazines, such as “World Economy and International Relations” (IMEMO), “Russia in Global affairs”, “Observer”, also publish articles devoted to the EU issues on a regular basis.

The journal “International Trends” has also published a number of interesting articles on the EU foreign policy, federalist traits of the EU political system, etc. There are several online reference magazines in Russia, namely “EU: Facts and Comments” (Institute of Europe) which provides news on the EU affairs. The magazine “Kosmopolis” (published by MGIMO) has been rather active in publishing articles about the EU affairs; however, it ceased to exist. The “Pro et Contra” magazine (Moscow Carnegie Endowment) also publishes materials about the EU.

The European Studies Institute at MGIMO srarted publishing series of books with contributions from both Russian and EU experts*8. The European University in Saint-Petersburg started a similar programme, with publications touching upon gender issues in the EU, army-society relations in the EU member-states and development of higher education system in the EU*9. The Institute of Europe is the most active in this field.

In evaluating the EU studies in Russia one should not forget those scientists who were instrumental in creating the foundation of this research domain back in the Soviet period: Y. Borko, L. Gluharev, M. Maksimova, Y. Shishkov and others concentrated on economy studies; legal aspects on the EU integration were studied by L. Entin*10, Y. Yumashev and S. Kashkin. A number of scientists concentrating on specific countries joined the research in the 1960s, namely Y. Rubinsky, E. Hesin and N. Kovalsky. The topic of political integration was only touched upon in the late 1980s, the first publications were prepared by V. Baranovsky*11.

In the key areas of the EU studies today the contemporary research agenda is dominated by EU – Russia affairs. S. Karaganov, D. Danilov, A. Zagorsky, V. Baranovsky, M.Entin, O. Barabanov, A. Malgin, T. Yurieva, T. Bordachev and many others focus in their research on the European security and CFSP's studies in the framework of EU – Russia relations. P. Kanigin*12, N. Kaveshnikov*13, T. Romanova*14, A. Haitun, A. Belyi*15 can be named among the most prominent scientists in the field of energy studies.

Some of the best work on the EU-Russia cooperation in the area of justice, liberty and security is done by O. Potemkina*16, followed by O. Korneev*17 and V. Voinikov*18.

The European neighbourhood policy and the EU-Russia relations in the post-Soviet period has been the topic that attracted much interest. Nonetheless, there has not been adequate Russian research on the impact of the ENP in the “Eastern” partnership spheres. A sort of landmark in this field was a joint MGIMO-Rosa Luxembourg Foundation publication entitled “European countries of the CIS. The place in “big Europe” in 2005*19. Another important contribution was a publication by the Institute of Europe, the AES and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation entitled “Russia and the Uniting Europe: the prospects of cooperation”*20. The publication touched upon ENP, conflict resolution in the CIS region, cross-border cooperation, and Kaliningrad issues.

The topic of “Northern dimension” with a number of papers and books written by V. Shlamin and Y. Deryabin*21 used to be very popular but has somewhat lost significance. Nevertheless, NGOs and members of the academic community from North-Western Russia continue to maintain a high profile for research on cross-border cooperation.

EU law studies (textbooks and manuals)*22 have been highly successful and experts in that field were able to achieve international renown. Interestingly enough, the EU law experts were generally among the first Russian EU experts to show interest in purely political issues, i.e. in the EU Commission and the Council of Ministers' relations, etc. These experts are: S. Kashkin and P. Kalinichenko*23, M. Entin*24, A. Kapustin*25, L. Kablova*26, B. Topornin*27, N. Shelenkova*28 and T. Shashikhina*29.

A large number of publications contain an overview of the EU-Russia relations. Among the best examples are the works of A. Arbatov*30, M. Entin*31, I. Yurgens*32, Y. Shishkov*33, and V. Likhachev*34. An interesting paper was published by N. Yemeljanova*35, where the author tends to concentrate mainly on the Partnership's legal and economic aspects. Among the most recent publications is a book by S. Karaganov and I. Yurgens, which advocates the need for closer EU-Russia cooperation; the authors have tried to identify the conditions for making such cooperation sustainable and mutually beneficial*36. The analysis of the EU-Russia relations carried out by a working group under S. Karaganov in 2005 and 2010 is also an excellent contribution to this field of European studies*37.

General books (textbooks) about the EU appeared throughout the 1990s but unfortunately, the last in the list of these comprehensive works was published in 2001 with no similar publications appearing later on. The book published in 2001 was edited by Y. Borko and O. Butorina and offered a yet to be rivaled depth of analysis (in the Russian EU affairs experts' community) of the EU development*38. In 2003, a textbook by V. Shematenkov*39 appeared but the book by Y. Borko and O. Butorina seems to be more problem orientated. In 2000, a joint comprehensive study was published by IMEMO and RISS. The research was of very good quality and concentrated mainly on issues of security, economy, energy and international relations*40. Earlier in the 1990s a number of comprehensive works about the EU studies appeared*41.

A number of works was devoted to the history of the EU integration, namely the books by M. Lipkin*42, A. Branitsky and G. Kamenskaya*43. A large group of Russian EU experts joined the field with the background of research of individual European country. The works of V. Verennikov*44 (Spain), Y. Derabin and N. Antushina*45 (Nordic countries), Y. Rubinski*46 (France), A. Gromyko*47 (United Kingdom), V. Belov*48 and S. Pogorelskaya*49(Germany), T. Zonova, V. Mikhailenko, O. Barabanov (Italy), K. Voronov*50 (Norway), M. Isaev, A. Chekanskiy, V. Shishkin*51 (Nordic countries), V. Shveitser*52 (small states of the EU) can be offered as best examples. A book by A. Akulshina and V. Artemjev about the role of the French-German cooperation in developing the European integration process also deserves mentioning*53.

The Lisbon Treaty has been mainly the topic of MGIMO and MSLA publications*54 with an outstanding article by a distinguished Russian expert I. Ivanov*55 devoted to the influence of the above mentioned treaty on the EU-Russia relations.

The subject of political parties and social movements has also attracted some interest, although such topics have never been a popular theme in the EU foreign policy studies. For example, B. Orlov*56 published extensively on the European social-democratic movement, while A. Tevdoj-Burmuli*57 and F. Kabeshev*58 worked on the issue of the European radical right parties and movements.

A number of scientists elaborated the issues of identity and perception. Y.Borko, an outstanding Russian EU expert, published a seminal work on the “European idea”*59, while L.I. Gluharev*60 edited a number of volumes on European culture, identity, etc.

Several authors delved into the EU institutional research, investigating such topics as EU multi-level governance (M. Strezhneva, O. Barabanov, and S. Nozhkin), lobbying (T. Bordachev*61), policy networks. Publications by E. Ahova*62, I. Semenenko*63, N. Kaveshnikov*64, I. Yazborovskaya*65, and M. Strezhneva*66 can serve as valuable examples.

Still, as will be shown below, there is a problem of sustainability of Russian research on the EU institutions and the EU's internal political development. There is little demand for such studies and experts are discouraged from taking up new research topics. Russian works on multi-level policies or Europeanization made few attempts to turn to aspects of theory-testing or empirical research.

The topic of the EU enlargement has obviously been of great interest to Russian experts, although the level of this interest has understandably declined. Numerous MGIMO publications*67, e.g. a key volume by N. Arbatova, V. Gutnik, E. Hesin, Y. Yudanov*68, articles B. Pichugin*69, K. Vorontsov*70 can be listed among a plethora of other papers. A general tendency amongst these works was an increasingly critical tone, both in terms of seeing Russian interests compromised and the questionable consequences that such a widening of the EU would necessarily entail. Russian studies tend to have become more critical of the EU policies.

During the second half of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s the topic of the EU regional policy and regionalism was very popular, with publications by I. Busygina*71, I. Ivanov*72, N. Kondratieva*73, O. Barabanov and S. Nozhkin concentrating not only on economic issues but touching upon the political influence of the EU consultative bodies, e.g. Committee of the Regions, etc.

A few authors devoted their work to studying various EU policies, i.e. agriculture (V. Nazarenko*74), competence-sharing (S. Bartenev*75), social policy (L. Tserkasevich*76, M. Kargalova and E.Egorova*77).

A relatively new EU topic is the “value-interests” interplay studies within the context of the EU-Russia relations through the concept of discourse and post-structuralist philosophy in general, i.e. works of V. Morozov*78 and A. Makarychev*79.

Specialization and differentiation of Russian-EU studies have indeed grown both in scale and quality, with the analysis of EU-Russian agenda (energy issues among the top priorities), EU foreign policy and conflict resolution in the post-Soviet space and CEFSP/ESDP decision-making, among those worth mentioning.

 

Quality assessment and key research problems

 The field of EU studies has been very strongly biased towards international relations with much less interest in the fields of comparative politics and/or public administration. In his overview of Russian EU studies V. Avdonin*80 claimed that the internal political development of the European Union has been largely left on the periphery of the EU studies in Russia. According to V. Avdonin, Russian researchers lacked knowledge of specific methods and tools of research. Hence, studies of the EU's internal political development have not developed into a specific school of thought but were highly reminiscent of a kind of “discourse”. Russian knowledge of the EU external policies is incomparably better than that of its internal development. This point of view was initially expressed in 2006 but is still partially valid at the end of 2010.

This is not necessarily a disadvantage; though it may provide a cause for concern in the long run. In order to achieve a new level of quality Russian EU studies have to overcome certain obstacles. They are mainly linked to infrastructure problems, namely the need to provide a wider access to online libraries and catalogues (i.e., EBSCO Academic search primer, JSTOR, CEEOL, access to the databases of Taylor and Francis, Sage Publishing, WAO database of the German Information Network International Relations and Area Studies, ERPA), modern literature. The problem is not only to provide technology ensuring access to these databases. What is more important is to create conditions that would encourage lecturers, researchers and students to integrate these materials into their daily work. Knowledge of EU think-tanks should be also more widespread. While organizations like CEPS and EPC are maybe best-known, no less influential and efficient think tanks like the German SWP, Swedish SIEPS or Danish DIIS, etc. also deserve being taken into consideration by the Russian EU experts.

Secondly, although peer review for academic publications does exist, it has to be applied more rigorously to ensure the quality of published materials. Thirdly, a very frequent problem is a certain disregard for method. It is necessary not just to apply one theory of EU integration or another, but to use a more focused approach to conducting research and scientific inquiry, formulating research design and questions. More attention and training in this domain would be very beneficial, especially for young scholars who don't possess an understanding of the “ways of doing things” as their older and more distinguished colleagues do. Fnancial support is the last but obviously not least amongst the list of problems. Dependence on the EU grants isn't bad as such but special-purpose funding by the Russian state or private sources for short-term research trips, small-scale grants, etc. would be highly beneficial.

Somehow, a large number of topics in the field of Russian EU studies are left underdeveloped despite being able to yield practical results and increase the international standing of the Russian EU studies. For example, the topic of the EU institutions has not been sufficiently researched to elevate it to the international level. Relations between the supranational and intergovernmental institutions aren't studied to a level comparable with that of the EU. High quality research in this field requires financial support and external demand (be it for lobbying or else) but its necessity isn't accorded due recognition. Surprisingly, leaving the issues of NATO, CFSP/ESDP and “Berlin+” aside, not much is done to study transatlantic relations in a wider perspective, despite the fact that the recent Airbus-Boeing trade wars and the EU-US agreement on SWIFT give ample ground for academic research. The topic of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and the EU relations with the post-Soviet states are mainly examples of “macro-level analysis”, concentrating on energy, security and geopolitics. This interest is perfectly justified but it results in neglecting issues that seem even more important in order to analyze the EU's influence in the region. For example, the realization of the “Action Plans”, adoption of the acquis communuataire by the post-Soviet states and the role of the civil society in the ENP, – all these are left out, which denies Russian experts a more nuanced knowledge of ENP. As K. Smith*81, a renowned expert on the EU issues, puts it, research on ENP should pay more attention to the prospects of partner-states. Here lies a fruitful opportunity for Russian researchers to contribute to this field of study. The topic of the EU-ACP relations is left on the margins while the EU-China relations could also be a promising venue for future research.

Another salient issue is that Russian EU research has to be translated more rigorously into European languages. That would not only contribute to a more fruitful academic exchange but make Russian views and perceptions more understandable to the EU partners. Such a move would entail a rigorous quality control but that is indispensible if we want Russian EU studies to be part of global research.

Regardless of these shortcomings, members of the Russian expert and academic community have excellent knowledge of the issues pertaining to the EU-Russia agenda, be it issues of energy or justice, liberty and security, as well as trade issues, etc. It might be counterintuitive to label this huge branch “narrow” but somewhat naturally the EU studies became dominated by issues of the EU-Russia relations agenda. Still, when the EU-Russia relations have reached a point of “mutual fatigue”, it is likely to spill into the field of academic research, thus affecting the interest (and willingness) to finance studies devoted to various aspects of the EU-Russia relations. In order not to become a hostage of this possible trend, Russian EU studies should try to adopt a wider approach and develop a larger portfolio of research topics.

Generally speaking, the number of EU experts and their geography have increased, the domain is now more specialized but there is a need to be more reflexive about the methods of research used in order to enhance communication and integration of young scholars.

 

Influence on public opinion/decision-making

 It's highly debatable whether the academic community shapes decision-making and public opinion to a significant degree. Lately the institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences have ceased to receive requests for policy papers on a regular basis. Nevertheless the influence of main think tanks in Russia is growing. Scholars of MGIMO and its affiliated structures, as well as the Council for Foreign and Defense Policy (with S. Karaganov as its president) probably possess the best channels for promoting their expertise. The Institute of Modern Development (INSOR), headed by I. Yurgens, is seen as one of the vehicles of the modernization project launched by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. This organization has shown a growing interest in the EU affairs and may indeed facilitate uploading the views of the academic community to the governmental bodies.

 

Integration into the international arena

Membership in the European Community Study Association (ECSA) has been very beneficial for establishing and maintaining international contacts, although relations with national ECSA bodies have to be upgraded in order to make a qualitative leap in Russian EU studies.

Various international organizations have been very helpful in sustaining the EU studies in Russia, especially German foundations, namely the Friedrich Ebert and Konrad Adenauer's. A number of short and long-term research grant opportunities were provided by the EU member-states, a notable example being the Belgian Chair InBev Baillet-Latour which supported EU-Russia studies.

Joint MA programmes have been opened with the EU universities, a notable example being the MGIMO exchange programme with Sciences Po (Paris) and the Freie Universitat (Berlin).

Russian experts participate in high-profile conferences, like the ones organized by the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) and the UACES. Nonetheless, the knowledge about these bodies has to be more widespread within the expert and academic community. Participation of PhD students and post-docs in such high-standing fora has to be encouraged more rigorously in order to make Russian EU studies more sustainable and competitive in the long run.

In conclusion, we would like to underline that the expert community on the EU studies in Russia is now well formed and institutionalized. It has strong connections with both Russian political decision-makers and the EU partners. It became a real driving force to promote the pro-European trend in the Russian foreign policy and the long-term strategic partnership between Russia and the European Union.

© Alexander STRELKOV*1

Mark ENTIN

Oleg BARABANOV

*1 Dr. Alexander A. Strelkov, Research Fellow at the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences;

Prof. Dr. Mark L. Entin, Director of the European Studies Institute at Moscow State University of International Relations (MGIMO), Vice President of the Russian Association of European Studies and Russian Association of International and European Law, Minister Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Prof.Dr.

Oleg N. Barabanov, Head of the EU Politics and Policies Department at the European Studies Institute in MGIMO University, Member of the Board of the Russian Association of European Studies.

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*7 Лешуков И. Россия и Европейский союз: стратегия взаимоотношений / Россия и основные институты безопасности в Европе: вступая в XXI век / Под ред. Д. Тренина. – М.: Центр Карнеги, 2000.

*8 «Библиотека слушателей Европейского учебного института при МГИМО (У) МИД России. Серия «Общие пространства Россия-ЕС: право, политика, экономика»: Выпуск 2. Перспективы развития отношений между Россией и ЕС: право, политика, энергетика (Материалы международных конференций, посвященных 10-летнему юбилею Института Европейского права, новому в развитии европейского права и европейской интеграции, вопросам энергетики и проблемам обучения, проведенных в МГИМО (У) МИД России в 2006-2007 гг.) – СПб.: СКФ «Россия-Нева», 2008; Выпуск. 3. Взаимодополняемость ЕС и его государств-членов в области внешних действий и ОВПБ и ее влияние на отношения ЕС и Российской Федерации (Материалы международной конференции, проведенной в МГИМО (У) МИД России и МГЮА 28-29 сентября 2007 г.) – СПб: СКФ «Россия-Нева», 2008.

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*10 He was the first in Russia to address the law of the EEC and than of the EU as a system of sui generis law. The same approach was developed in subsequent publications: Энтин Л. М. Право Европейского Союза. Новый этап эволюции: 2009 – 2017 годы. – М.: Аксиома, 2009.

*11 Барановский В.Г. Политическая интеграция в Западной Европе. Некоторые вопросы теории и практики. М., 1983.

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*13 EU – Russia relations: How to overcome the deadlock of mutual misunderstanding ? – Louvain – la – Neuve: Universit e Catholique de Louvain, 2003; Взаимодействие России и ЕС в энергетической сфере: сотрудничество и конкуренция / Россия – Европейский союз: на пути к четырем общим пространствам. Часть 1. Под ред. Д.А.Данилова. Доклады ИЕ РАН, № 224. – М.: ИЕ РАН, 2008.

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*19 Европейские страны СНГ: место в «Большой Европе». – М., 2005.

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*31 The latest one is Энтин М.Л. В поисках партнерских отношений. Т. 3: Россия и Европейский союз в 2008-2009 годах. – М.: Зебра Е, 20010.

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